First of all, an abstract is a preview of your research findings. It summarizes your work in a page or less, giving the reader enough information to decide whether they want to read more about it or pass. As such it should do the following:

• Describe succinctly, the purpose of your research and the problem you investigated
• Describe the design or approach you took. Was this an experiment? A descriptive case study or survey? An observational study? A review?
• State your major findings from your analysis
• Summarize your interpretations of your findings and state your main conclusion.

The abstract should be written last, after you have completed and documented your research. Use the active voice as much as possible. Remember, you are publicizing events that already took place, so write in the past tense. To ensure that whatever you write agrees with what is in your research paper, use key information from your paper verbatim.

Put yourself in the place of another researcher or decision maker who has a strong interest and wants to know more about your topic. Would the content you present intrigue them enough to draw them to read about your work? Also, if the abstract was the only information they could get to, does it hit on the main points of your report?

Types of abstracts

Your abstract may be either critical, informative, or descriptive.

• A critical abstract compares your work with that of other researchers on the same subject. It tends to be longer, since you are comparing your findings with those of their colleagues.
• A descriptive abstract is not judgmental. It merely describes the work, including the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. It is usually to shortest type of abstract.
• The informative abstract is much like a descriptive abstract, except that it includes your conclusions and recommendations based on your findings. Most abstracts are informative.

 Your abstract is “a trailer” to your paper. As you compose it, keep in mind that it will be used to drum up interest in your valuable work, much like a movie trailer. So, that’s why you should lead others to your eye-opening research with poignant, descriptive facts on what you unearthed as you researched your topic.

For help in putting your best word forward, contact dmariemarks@gmail.com or go to Editsbymarks.com.

Redundancies do have their place.

• To emphasize something important in display advertising/marketing
• In jargon among legal professionals
• As a comedic device
• In written dialogue
• In storytelling

The key is to know your audience. When writing for business and for academic presentations, writing is effective only when it is clear, succinct, and well organized. It should have very little jargon, and must be specifically crafted and presented to give the clearest call to action to readers and get the most direct and accurate response from readers.

Redundancies in business writing tend to introduce ambiguity that may confuse readers, thereby diminishing your credibility with them. Here are some redundancies to avoid in business writing.

• Repay back (use either repay or pay back)
• Revert back to (revert)
• Sequential order (sequential)
• Unexpected surprise (Really? When is a surprise expected?)
• Various different (These words mean the same thing. Choose one.)
• Whole entire (These words mean the same thing. Choose one.)
• Circle around (Circle implies going around.)
• Armed gunman         (If there is a gunman, he is armed with a gun.)
• Honest truth (Truth is honest always.)
• Complete and utter
• Exact duplicate

Use this as a cheat sheet in your arsenal of tools to ensure a clear message. Add your own discoveries of redundancies to avoid. And. Avoid. Them.

For help in putting your best word forward, contact donna@dmarks.com or go to editsbymarks.com. Let’s talk about what you need.